:CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMANTICISM : :AUTHORITY : puritans: god/bible : revolutionaries: reason/mind : early 1800's (romantics): intuition/imagnation : : -favor of reason over fact : -intense interest in and reverence for nature. (william cullen bryant) : -accent on mystery (strange and fantastic aspects of human experience) (e.a. poe) (also gothic literature) : -strong belief in democracy (not political democracy - the equality inplicit in a democracy (all things, not all people)) : -deep awareness of the past : :stanza form: : 2 lines - couplet : 3 line - tercet : 4 lines - quatrain : 5 lines - cinquain : 6 lines - sestet : 7 lines - heptastich : 8 lines - octave (pronounces ac.taav) :metric forms (meter) : u-unstressed, /-stressed : : u / : u / iambic (around) : / u : / u trochaic (sneaker) : u u / : u u / anapestic (after while) : / u u : / u u dactylic (dinosaur) : / / / / : / / spondaic (drop dead) (shut up) : u / u u : u u pyrrhic (imagining) : :metric feet per line : :1 foot - monometer :2 feet - dimete :3 feet - trimete :4 feet - tetrameter :5 feet - pentamete :6 feet - hexameter :7 feet - heptameter :8 feet - octameter : :notes :1. when identifying meter of a line, note form then number of feet. (dactylic tetrameter) :2. blank verse - lines of unrhymed iampic pentameter. (shakespeare, thanatopsis) :3. free verse - lines "free" of patterned meter or rhyme scheme. (psalms, whitman) :4.always identify speaker and to whom he is speaking. :5.identify end rhyme scheme using letters at ends of lines in stanzas. :6. pause in mid-line indicated w/ punctuation is called a caesura : :**when analyzing poetry, ask the questions: who is the speaker and who is the speaker addressing (never refer to the poet, refer to the speaker) : :to a waterfowl: : speaker: poet : spoken to: a single bird : lesson: if we look at nature, nature will teach us those things we need to know : :in the mid to late-teens, people begin to ask probing questions with intellectual emphasis (what is it like to die) : in the thirtees, a mid-life crisis develops; the questions turn from intellectual to emotional emphasis : :blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter (most akin to human english speech) : :thanatopsis: : speaker: : spoken to: one who loves nature and spends time in it : lesson: death is inevitable / life is a phantom - live now - thinking of death allows us to think of life : note: the last stanza has a change of focus from death is inevitable and lif is futile to life is beautiful and live it to its fullest until death : :Poe: : used cocaine and opium : had dysfunctional life/family : went to westpoint - asked to leave because of gambling debts : conpulsive personality (liquor, gambling, cocaine, women) :married his second cousin against advice of family. they were raptuously in love. became destraught after she died of galloping consumption (tb) :found dead (dying) in the gutter in the streets of baltimore :raven - 1845, virginia's death - 1847, poe's death - 1849. :altough many people try to make the raven a response to virginia's death, it actually pre-dates it by two years. :he became the ultimate death-thriller writer - had an infatuation with being buried alive - very clostrophobic :credited with being the inventor of the short story - though this is not true, he was the first to give it a "name" and thought. he gave a short story definition that every single word had to contribute to a single effect (such as death) : :the raven: : speaker: : spoken to: : lesson: : stanzas: 18 : stanza form: sestet : end rhyme scheme: abcbbb : (internal rhyme - midlind point rhymes with word at end of the line) : setting: december - dreary midnight - in his chamber by the fire nodding away while reading old classics : : alliteration - repitition of beginning consonants : consonance - repitition of internal consonants : assonance - repitition of internal vowel sounds : punctuation at the end of a line of poetry makes an end stop line : no punctuation at the end of a line of poetry makes a run on line